BSc agriculture 4th semester Notes and syllabus
BSc Agriculture 4th Semester Notes and syllabus
Crop Production Technology-II (Rabi crops)
Theory
Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield of Rabi crops; cereals –wheat and barley, pulses-chickpea, lentil, peas, oilseeds-rapeseed, mustard and sunflower; sugar crops-sugarcane; other cropspotato,Forage crops-berseem, lucerne and oat.
Practical
Sowing methods of wheat and sugarcane, identification of weeds in rabi season crops, study of morphological characteristics of rabi crops, study of yield contributing characters of rabi season crops, yield and juice quality analysis of sugarcane, study of important agronomic experiments of rabi crops at experimental farms. Study of rabi forage experiments, oil extraction of medicinal crops, visit to research stations of related crops
BSc agriculture 4th semester syllabus and important books
Production Technology for Ornamental Crops, MAPs and Landscaping
Theory
Importance and scope of ornamental crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and landscaping.Principles of landscaping. Landscape uses of trees, shrubs and climbers. Production technology of important cut flowers like rose, gerbera, carnation, Lilium and orchids under protected conditions and gladiolus, tuberose, and chrysanthemum under open conditions. Package of practices for loose flowers like marigolds and jasmine under open conditions. Production technology of important medicinal plants like asparagus, aloe, costus, Cinnamomum, periwinkle, isabgol and aromatic plants like mint, lemongrass, citronella, palmarosa, ocimum, rose, geranium, vetiver. Processing and value addition in ornamental crops and MAPs produce.
Practical
Identification of Ornamental plants. Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Nursery bed preparation and seed sowing. Training and pruning of Ornamental plants. Planning and layout of the garden. Bed preparation and planting of MAP. Protected structures – care and maintenance. Intercultural operations in flowers and MAP. Harvesting and post-harvest handling of cut and loose flowers. Processing of MAP. Visit to commercial flower/MAP unit
Renewable Energy and Green Technology
Theory
Classification of biomass utilization for biofuel production and their application, Familiarization with types of biogas plants and gasifiers, biogas, alcohol, biodiesel and bio-oil production and their energy sources, the contribution of these of sources in the agricultural sector, Familiarization utilization as bioenergy resource, introduction of solar energy, collection and their application, Familiarization with solar energy gadgets: solar cooker, solar water heater, application of solar energy: solar drying, solar pond, solar distillation, solar photovoltaic system and their application, introduction of wind energy and their application.
Practical
Familiarization with renewable energy gadgets. To study biogas plants, To study gasifiers, To study the production process of biodiesel, To study briquetting machines, To study the production process of biofuels. Familiarization with different solar energy gadgets. To study solar photovoltaic systems: solar light, solar pumping, and solar fencing. To study solar cooker And solar drying system. To study solar distillation and solar ponds. Problematic Soils and their Management (New) Credit Hours: 2(2+0)Theory Soil quality and health, Distribution of Wasteland and problem soils in India. Their categorization is based on properties. Reclamation and management of Saline and sodic soils, Acid soils, Acid Sulphate soils, Eroded and Compacted soils, Flooded soils, and Polluted soils.Irrigation water – quality and standards, utilization of saline water in agriculture. Remote sensing and GIS in diagnosis and management of problem soils.Multipurpose tree species, bioremediation through MPTs of soils, land capability and classification, and land suitability classification. Problematic soils under different Agroeco systems
Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops
Theory
Importance and scope of fruit and plantation crop industry in India; High-density planting; Use of rootstocks; Production technologies for the cultivation of major fruits-mango, banana, citrus, grape, guava, litchi, papaya, apple, pear, peach and; minor fruits- pineapple, pomegranate, jackfruit, strawberry, nut crops; plantation crops-coconut, areca nut, cashew, tea, coffee & rubber.
Practical
Seed propagation. Scarification and stratification of seeds. Propagation methods for fruit and plantation crops including Micro-propagation. Description and identification of fruit.Preparation of plant bioregulators and their uses, Pests, diseases and physiological disorders of above fruit and plantation crops, Visit to commercial orchard.
Principles of Seed Technology
Theory
Seed and seed technology: introduction, definition and importance. Deterioration causes of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of genetic purity during seed production, seed quality; Definition, Characters of good quality seed, different classes of seed. Foundation and certified seed production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fodder and vegetables. Seed certification, phases of certification, procedure for seed certification, field inspection. Seed Act and Seed Act enforcement. Duty and powers of seed inspector, offences and penalties. Seeds Control Order 1983, Varietal Identification through Grow Out Test and Electrophoresis, Molecular and Biochemical test. Detection of genetically modified crops, Transgene contamination in non-GM crops, GM crops and organic seed production.Seed drying, processing and their steps, seed testing for quality assessment, seed treatment, its importance, method of application and seed packing. Seed storage; general principles, stages and factors affecting seed longevity during storage. Measures for pest and disease control during storage. Seed marketing: structure and organization, sales generation activities, promotional media. Factors affecting seed marketing, Role of WTO and OECD in seed marketing.
Practical
Seed production in major cereals: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sorghum and Bajra. Seed production in major pulses: Urd, Mung, Pigeonpea, Lentil, Gram, Fieldpea. Seed production in major oilseeds: Soybean, Rapeseed and Mustard. Seed production in vegetable crops. Seed sampling and testing: Physical purity, germination, viability, etc. Seed and seedling vigour test. Genetic purity test: Grow out test and electrophoresis. Seed certification: Procedure, Field inspection, Preparation of field inspection report. Visit seed production farms, seed testing laboratories and seed processing plants.
Farming System and Sustainable Agriculture
Theory
Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance, Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their evaluation, Allied enterprises and their importance, Tools for determining production and efficiencies in cropping and farming system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for sustainability, Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and characteristics, components of IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for different agro-climatic zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling and flow of energy in different farming system, farming system and environment, Visit of IFS model in different agro-climatic zones of nearby states University/ institutes and farmers field
Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Prices
Theory
Agricultural Marketing: Concepts and definitions of market, marketing, agricultural marketing, market structure, marketing mix and market segmentation, classification and characteristics of agricultural markets; demand, supply and producer’s surplus of agricommodities: nature and determinants of demand and supply of farm products, producer’s surplus – meaning and its types, marketable and marketed surplus, factors affecting marketable surplus of agri-commodities; product life cycle (PLC) and competitive strategies: Meaning and stages in PLC; characteristics of PLC; strategies in different stages of PLC; pricing and promotion strategies: pricing considerations and approaches – cost based and competition based pricing; market promotion – advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and publicity – their meaning and merits & demerits; marketing process and functions: Marketing processconcentration, dispersion and equalization; exchange functions – buying and selling; physical functions – storage, transport and processing; facilitating functions – packaging, branding, grading, quality control and labeling (Agmark);Market functionaries and marketing channels: Types and importance of agencies involved in agricultural marketing; meaning and definition of marketing channel;number of channel levels; marketing channels for different farm products; Integration, efficiency, costs and price spread: Meaning, definition and types of market integration; marketing efficiency; marketing costs, margins and price spread; factors affecting cost of marketing; reasons for higher marketing costs of farm commodities; ways of reducing marketing costs; Role of Govt. in agricultural marketing: Public sector institutions- CWC, SWC, FCI, CACP & DMI – their objectives and functions; cooperative marketing in India; Risk in marketing: Types of risk in marketing; speculation & hedging; an overview of futures trading; Agricultural prices and policy: Meaning and functions of price; administered prices; need for agricultural price policy; Trade: Concept of International Trade and its need, theories ofabsolute and comparative advantage. Present status and prospects of international trade in agricommodities; GATT and WTO; Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and its implications on Indian agriculture; IPR.
Practical
Plotting and study of demand and supply curves and calculation of elasticities; Study of relationship between market arrivals and prices of some selected commodities; Computation of marketable and marketed surplus of important commodities; Study of price behaviour over time for some selected commodities; Construction of index numbers; Visit to a local market to study various marketing functions performed by different agencies, identification of marketing channels for selected commodity, collection of data regarding marketing costs, margins and price spread and presentation of report in the class; Visit to market institutions – NAFED, SWC, CWC, cooperative marketing society, etc. to study their organization and functioning; Application of principles of comparative advantage of international trade.
Introductory Agro meteorology & Climate Change
Theory
Earth’s atmosphere- its composition, extent and structure; Atmospheric weather variables; Atmospheric pressure, its variation with height; Wind, types of wind, daily and seasonal variation of wind speed, cyclone, anticyclone, land breeze and sea breeze; Nature and properties of solar radiation, solar constant, depletion of solar radiation, short wave, longwave and thermal radiation, net radiation, albedo; Atmospheric temperature, temperature inversion, lapse rate, daily and seasonal variations of temperature, the vertical profile of temperature, Energy balance of earth; Atmospheric humidity, the concept of saturation, vapour pressure,the process of condensation, formation of dew, fog, mist, frost, cloud; Precipitation, the process of precipitation, types of precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet, and hail, cloud formation and classification; Artificial rainmaking. Monsoon- mechanism and importance in Indian agriculture, Weather hazards -drought, floods, frost, tropical cyclones and extreme weather conditions such as heat-wave and cold-wave. Agriculture and weather relations; Modifications of crop microclimate, climatic normals for crop and livestock production. Weather forecasting- types of weather forecast and their uses. Climate change, climatic variability, global warming, causes of climate change and its impact on regional and national Agriculture.
Practical:
Visit of Agro meteorological Observatory, site selection of observatory, exposure of instruments and weather data recording. Measurement of total, shortwave and longwave radiation, and its estimation using Planck’s intensity law. Measurement of albedo and sunshine duration, computation of Radiation Intensity using BSS. Measurement of maximum and minimum air temperatures, its tabulation, trend and variation analysis. Measurement of soil temperature and computation of soil heat flux. Determination of vapour pressure and relative humidity. Determination of dew point temperature. Measurement of atmospheric pressure and analysis of atmospheric conditions. Measurement of wind speed and wind direction, preparation of windrose. Measurement, tabulation and analysis of rain. Measurement of open pan evaporation and evapotranspiration. Computation of PET and AET
Other semester syllabus and notes PDF
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