Arun Katyayan agriculture book vol-1

Arun katyayan agriculture book

 1, History of Agriculture:

History of Agriculture and Agronomy, IARI, ICAR, IRRI CIMMYT. Agricultural Universities Agl. Research Institutes.

2, Cropping System and Pattern:

Shifting cultivation, Crop rotation. Sustainable agriculture, Cropping system. Cropping pattern. Farming system, Mixed farming, Sole cropping. Cropping scheme, Monoculture. Cropping Intensity. Types of cropping system. Multiple cropping. Intercropping. Mixed cropping, sequential cropping, Multistorey cropping. Terra- forming, Aeroponics, LEISA, Precision/Site specific farming.

3, Annidation and Allelopathy:

Annidation-Spatial and temporal and.ion, Allelopathy: True and functional allelopathy, Allelochemicals, Legume effect, sorghum effect. Cotton effect.

4, Crop Ecology:

Meaning, Microclimate, harvest Index, Sink-source ratio. Ideotypes, Ideotypes for some crops, Agro-climatic Regional Planning. Agro-climatic zones, Agro-ecological zones.

5. Dryland Agriculture :

Dry farming, Dryland farming, Rainfed farming. Problems and Prospects of Dry Land Agriculture. Drought and agricultural drought, ICRISAT, ICARDA, MAI, AI, MDI. TMI, Crop adaptation for dry growing conditions, Watershed management, Water harvesting and its types, Jalshakti, Evapotranspiration, Antitranspirants and its types, Windbreaks and shelterbelts.

6. Erosion and soil Conservation :

Runoff and factors affecting it, Soil loss equation, Soil conservation Measures:- Land capability classification, Mulching. Strip-cropping and its types, Conservation measures for Hilly slopes:- Contour trenching. Bench terracing. Stone terracing.

7. Classification of Crops:

Taxonomic classification, Special classification: Arable crops. Alley crops, Augmenting crops, Border crops, Brake crops, Catch crops, Cole crops, Cover crops, and Complimentary crops. Supplementary crops. Exhaustive crops, Ley crops, Paira or Utera crops. Paired row cropping, Skip cropping, and Silage crops. Smother crops, Trap crops, etc.

8. Crop Production :

Kharif and Rabi crops, Crops and their botanical names, Origin of crops, Protein contents, Area and Production. Other important facts about different crops viz. Rice, Wheat, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Pulses, Soyabean, Oilseeds, Groundnut, Sunflower, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco,

9. Seed Technology

Meaning, Factors affecting germination and growth, Seed Index, Real value of seed, Purity percentage, Dockage, Isolation distance, Types of pure seeds:- Nucleus seeds, Foundation seed, Registered seed, Certified seed, Improved seed, Viability test, Seed dormancy and its breaking, Seed treatment, Seed plot technique of potato. National seed corporation, State seed corporation.

10. Weed Problems:

Meaning, Criteria of weed, Classification of weed, Crop weed competition, Characteristics of weed, Multiplication and Dissemination, Weed control, Preventive method, Curative method, Biological method, Chemical control, Classification of Herbicides, Herbicides and its other names, Selective herbicide, Contact herbicide, Active ingredient, Acid equivalent, Orobanche & Striga. Herbicides for weed control in different crops.

11. Assessment of Agronomic Interactions:

(a) Assessment of competition & yield advantage:-LER, Relative crowding coeffi- cient, Aggresivity, Competition index, Competition ratio, Competition coefficient.

(b) Assessment of Land Use and Productivity in Multiple cropping:- Multiple cropping index, Cropping intensity index, Intensity of cropping, Specific crop intensity index, Relative cropping intensity index, Cultivated land utilization index, Diversity index, Rotational Intensity.

12. Agro-forestry and Social Forestry:

Agro-forestry and its meaning. Objectives of agro-forestry, Components of agro-forestry: Agri-silviculture, Sylvopastoral systems, Social forestry:- meaning of its principles, Objectives and components of social forestry:- Farm & Rural forestry. Urban forestry, Need for more forests.

13. Water Management:

Irrigation, Matric potential, Capillary potential, Gravitational potential, p-value, Cumec, Moisture equivalent, Permanent wilting point, wilting coefficient, Soil moisture tension, Poiseuille’s law, Darcy’s law, Measurement of soil moisture content. Tensiometer, Potential Evapo-trarıspiration, Lysimeter, Evaporimeter, Consumptive use of water, Water use efficiency, Irrigation efficiency, Irrigation period, Intensity of irrigation, Crop ratio, Duty of water, Delta, Weirs, Parshall Flume, Methods of

irrigation, Surface and sub-surface irrigation. Sprinkler and Drip irrigation, Micro irrigation: Drainage.- Surface and sub-surface drainage.

14. Rocks and its Weathering:

Igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks, Metamorphic rocks. Rock minerals, Quartz. Feldspars, Mica, Olivine, Tourmaline, Sources of Plant nutrients, Primary and secondary minerals. Weathering of rocks: Physical. Chemical and Biological weathering, Development of mineral profile.

15. Soil Formation:

Factors of soil formation, Parent materials. Topography, Climate, Organism. Time, Soil forming processes:- Eluviation, illuviation, Gypsification. Podzolisation, Laterisation, Gleization, Solonization, Pedoturbation.

16. Soil and its Physical Properties:

Soil and its concept, Pedology and Edaphology, Regolith. Regosol, Organic & mineral soil, Soil profile, Physical properties of soil:- Soil texture: Sand, Silt and Clay, Textural classes, Soil structure and its types, Factors affecting soil structure, Particle and Bulk density, Pore space/solid space, Soil consistency, Soil colour and soil air. Soil temp. Soil water: Hygroscopic water, capillary water, gravitational water, available water, field capacity, permanent wilting percentage. Hygroscopic coefficient, Moisture equivalent, Different layers of soil water.

17. Soil colloids and silicate clay minerals:

Meaning, Clay minerals, Composition of clay. Micelles, Acid nature of clay. Sesquioxide clays, Silica-sesquioxide ratio, Silicate clay minerals and its classification:- 1:1 type, 2:1 type and 2:2 type, Sources of negative charge on silicate clays. Isomorphic substitution and exposed crystal edges.

18. Soil Taxonomy and Soils of India:

Modern classification, Cat clays. Catena, Caliche, Soils of India:- Alluvial soils, Black soils, Red soils, Laterite soils, Desert soils.

19. Soil Organic Matter:

Nature of soil organic matter, Humic and non-humic substances, Humus and its characteristics, Factors affecting decomposition, C: N ratio and its significance, Muck and Peat soils, and Role of organic matter. Mineralisation and immobilisation, Mineralisation of organic nitrogen: Aminization, Ammonification, Nitrification, Nitrogen loss: Volatilisation, Microbial denitrification.

20. Manures, Fertilizers and Biofertilizers :

Manures: meaning and its advantages, FYM, Compost. Night soil, Sewage and sludge Sheep and goat manure, Poultry manure, Green manure, Green leaf manuring Oilcakes, Fertilizers:-Meaning and its classification, Fertilizer grade and ratio, materials

used in fertilizer, Precautions in mixing fertilizers, Acidity and basicity of fertilizer:- Equivalent acidity and basicity, Nitrogenous fertilizers and its characteristics, Phosphatic fertilizers and Potassic fertilizers, Micronutrient fertilizers, Nitrification inhibitors and slow release fertilizers. Biofertilizers and their classification, Biological nitrogen fixation, Symbiotic and non-symbiotic N-fixation.

21. Soil fertility and Productivity :

Soil fertility and productivity; Available nutrient, analysis of soil, its analysis process; Crop logging, Some important points.

22. Mineral Nutrition:

Meaning, Criteria of essentiality, Forms of elements absorbed by plants, Elements and their major role, Mobility of nutrients, Classification of essential nutrients:- major and micronutrients, Ultra micronutrients, Beneficial nutrients. Hidden hunger, role of essential plant nutrients, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity symptoms.

23. Saline, Alkali and Acid Soils:

Saline soils and their characteristics, ESP, Reclamation of saline soils, Sodic soils and their characteristics, Formation and reclamation of sodic soils, Saline-alkali soils and their characteristics, Difference between saline and alkaline soils, Reclamation of usar soils, Acid soils and its genesis, Reclamation of usar soils, Acids soils and its genesis, Characteristics and management of acid soils. SAR.

24. Agricultural Meteorology:

Agricultural Meteorology or Agrometeorology, Climatology, Microclimate or Macroclimate, Mesoclimate & Topoclimate, Weather & climate. Objective/Applica- tions of Ag. Meteorology, Different aspects of Agrometeorology, Units of different Weather Parameters, Instruments used for different Weather Parameters, Factors affecting Soil Temp.

25. Wind and Monsoon

Wind, Stratification of Atmosphere, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exo-sphere, Wind direction, Cyclones and Anticyclones. Beaufort Scale, Anticyclones, Wind system & local winds, Monsoon, How is it created, Indian Monsoon, South West Monsoon/Summer Monsoon, North East Monsoon/Winter Monsoon, Eastern Depressions, Failure of Monsoon, El-Nino, Southern oscillation & La-Nina.

26.Precipitation and Clouds:

Precipitation, Forms of Precipitation, Other forms of Condensation. Types of Precipitation, Factors affecting Precipitation, Cloud, Cloud & its Formation, Dissipation of Cloud, Classification of Cloud, High Cloud, Middle Cloud, Low Cloud, Cloud Seeding.

27. Climate classification, Weather forecasting and Crop modeling:

Objectives of climatic classification, Approaches for climatic classification. Koppens classification, Thornthwaites classification, Weather Forecasting. Types of weather forecast and its importance, Importance and other details of forecasting. Crop Weather Calendar, Crop weather Diagram, Remote Sensing, Crop modelling. Types of Models.

28. Extension Education:

Introduction, Agl. Extension Education-Objectives and principles, Basic philosophy of extension, Learning and Principles. Basic philosophy of extension and communication steps. Adoption Process, Communication, Classification of Extension teaching methods. Demonstration- Method demonstration. Result demonstration and National demonstration, Training & Visit System. Lab to Land Programme, Krishi Vigyan Kendra. Technology transfer, Etawah Pilot Project, Community Development Programme, National Extension Service, Panchayati Raj, IRDP. Operation Flood, TRYSEM. Young Farmer’s Association. Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), NREGA, Extension activities. Rural welfare activities and other Programmes in India.

29. Agricultural Economics:

Introduction, Micro and Macro-Economics, Cooperatives in India, RBI & SBI. Cooperative Banking Structure, Land Development Bank (LDB), Crop Loan Scheme, and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). Marketing Services. Market Agencies or Functionaries, Characteristics of Indian Agriculture, Problems in Indian Agriculture, Economic Holding. Marginal and Small Farmers, Agriculture Price. Price Elasticity Cost, Opportunity Cost, Cost Elements, Cost Curves, Assets. Liabilities, Efficiency Measures, Monotonic and Non-monotonic relationships, AGMARK.

30. Farm Management :

Meaning. Objects of farm management, Production Decisions, Production Functions, Cobb-Douglas Production Function, Types of Production functions, Forms of Factor- Factor relationship, The Law of Returns or Variable proportions, Elasticity of Production, Cost Principle, Law of Equi-marginal return or Principle of opportunity cost, Factor Factor relationship, Product-Product relationship. Principle of comparative advantage, decision under risk & Uncertainty, National Agriculture Insurance Scheme, Types & Systems of Farming, Farm Planning and Budgeting.

31. Objective Model Questions & Answers: